Computerised trading agents may help humans build better markets THANKS to declining markets.investment banks are getting rid of many of their highly-paid traders．When markets recover.the banks might 题目和参考答案——青夏教育精英家教网—

题目内容

9．Computerised trading agents may help humans build better markets
THANKS to declining markets，investment banks are getting rid of many of their highly-paid traders．When markets recover，the banks might be tempted to replace them with rather cheaper talent．One alternative has been around for a while but has yet to catch on：autonomous trading agents-computers programmed to act like the human version without such annoying costs as holidays，lunch breaks or bonuses．Program trading has，of course，been done before； some blamed the 1987stock market crash on computers instructed with simple decision-making rules．But robots can be smarter than that．
Dave Cliff，a researcher at Hewlett-Packard Laboratories in Bristol，England，has been creating trading robots for seven years．In computer simulations he lets them evolve"genetically"，and so allows them to adapt and fit models of real-world financial markets．His experiments have suggested that a redesign of some markets could lead to greater efficiency．Last year，a research group at IBM showed that Mr Cliff's artificial traders could consistently beat the human variety，in various kinds of market．Nearly all take the shape of an auction（拍卖）．One well-known type is the English auction，familiar to customers of the salesrooms（拍卖场）of Christie's and Sotheby's，where sellers keep mum on their offer price，and buyers increase their bids by stages until only one remains．
At the other extreme is the Dutch auction，familiar to 17th-century tulip-traders in the Netherlands as well as to bidders for American Treasury bonds．Here，buyers remain silent，and a seller reduces his price until it is accepted．Most markets for shares，commodities，foreign exchange and derivatives are a mixture of these two types：buyers and sellers can announce their bid or offer prices at any time，and deals are constantly being closed，a so-called"continuous double auction"．
Mr Cliff's novel idea was to apply his evolutionary computer programs to marketplaces themselves．Why not，he thought，try and see what types of auction would let traders converge（趋同） most quickly towards a balance price？The results were surprising．In his models，auctions that let buyers and sellers bid at any time like most of today's financial exchanges were less efficient than ones that required relatively more bids from either buyers or sellers．These"evolved auctions"also withstood big market shocks，such as crashes and panics，better than today's real-world versions．Mr Cliff's most recent results，which will be presented in Sydney，Australia，on December 10th，show that the best type of auction for any market depends crucially on even slight differences in the number of buyers and sellers．
Bank of America has been investigating these new auctions，along with robotic traders，for possible use in electronic exchanges．The hope is that today's financial auctions and online marketplaces might work better by becoming more like their English and Dutch ancestors．

67．What is the passage mainly about？B
A．A review of two kinds of auctions．
B．An introduction of trading robots．
C．A survey of the trading market．
D．About trading alternatives．
68．Which of the following is true according to the text？C
A．Mr Cliff's robot traders have now been used in real-world markets．
B．Robot traders can evolve like creatures．
C．There is room for improvement in efficiency in trading markets．
D．The English auction is the most popular trading form．
69．What can we infer from the text？B
A．Existing auctions cannot withstand market shocks
B．The Dutch auction is better than the continuous double auction
C．It's hard for traders to reach a balanced price
D．The best type of auction takes place when the number of the buyers is equal to that of sellers
70．What's the author's attitude toward robot traders？D
A．Prejudiced B．Objective
C．Critical D．Optimistic．

分析本文是一篇科教类阅读，主要介绍了有可能帮助人类更好地建立市场的交易机器人（电脑交易）．

解答 67-70．BCBD
67题答案：B考查主旨大意，本文主要介绍了有可能帮助人类更好地建立市场的交易机器人，故本题答案为B选项．
68题答案：C考查细节推理，根据最后一段的The hope is that today's financial auctions and online marketplaces might work better by becoming more like their English and Dutch ancestors．希望是现在的金融拍卖（包括机器人交易）和在线市场能够像他们英国的和荷兰的祖先那样更好地工作．可知本题答案为C选项"交易市场的效率提升还有空间"．
69题答案：B考查细节推理，根据原文第五段的In his models，auctions that let buyers and sellers bid at any time like most of today's financial exchanges were less efficient than ones that required relatively more bids from either buyers or sellers．在他的模型中，让买家和买家像现在的金融交易一样任意时候出价的拍卖（英国式的拍卖是卖方不动而买方一直加价，直到剩下最后一名买家）没有要求相对一方（买家或买家）出价次数更多的拍卖（荷兰式的拍卖是买家和卖家在任何时候都可以报出自己的要价和出价）效率高．可知本题答案为B选项．
70题答案：D考查细节推理，根据文章第一段Computerised trading agents may help humans build better markets．电脑交易代理（机器人交易）有可能帮助人类建立更好的市场．可知本题答案为D选项．

点评本文是一篇科教类阅读，题目涉及多道细节理解题，做题时结合原文和题目有针对性找出相关语句进行仔细分析，结合选项选出正确答案．推理判断也是要在抓住关键句子的基础上合理的分析才能得出正确的答案．

练习册系列答案

20．Jack lay quiet and unmoving，for thirty minutes while a stranger repeatedly stabbed（刺）him  with sharp needles，causing blood to pour steadily out of his leg．Jack was getting a tattoo．His friend Tony had recently gotten a tattoo，and Jack was so impressed by it that he decided to get one too．Peer pressure，media influence．and personal expression are some of the common reasons for wearing tattoos today．
The desire to be accepted by one's friends or peers can have a great influence on what a person does．Sometimes wearing a tattoo can be sign that you belong to a certain group．Gangs often use special clothes and tattoos to identify their particular group．Some of these groups wear only brand-name clothes．Others wear tattoos．When a person's friends are all doing something，that person is more likely to do the same thing．
The media is another big influence behind the popularity of tattoos in North America．A wide variety of media images （人物，图象）show tattoo-people appearing in commercials selling expensive cars，famous sports heroes with tattoos in magazine，fashion models wearing designer cloths that show their bodies tattooed with detailed and colorful patterns．These media images link tattoos to ideas of wealth，success，and status．As a result，many people decide to get a tattoo fir its fashion and status value．
Many people decide to wear tattoos in order to express their artistic nature，their beliefs，or their feelings-in other words，to show their individuality（个性）．A musician in a rock band may get a tattoo of a guitar on the arm．Some environmentalists may tattoo pictures of endangered animals on their shoulders．A tattoo can be a public sign to show what is important in a person's life．
As you can see，there are many reasons why young North American get tattoos．A tattoo can be part of a group's uniform，a sign of fashion or an expression of individuality．The decision to get a tattoo is most often a result of the influence of friends or media or the desire to express oneself．For Jack，it was a mixture of all three．

66．Jack has got tattoos in order toD．
A．show his great bravery      B．gain a special experience
C．make himself more healthy   D．be different from others
67．According to the passage，media image are linked toB．
A．traditional life style    B．social position
C．cultural background      D．public interest
68．We can infer from the passage thatA．
A．some people get tattoos out of pressure
B．tattoo is related to religious belief
C．getting tattoos costs a lot of money
D．most people with tattoos are artist
69．What is the best title of the text？C
A．Peer pressure，media influence，and personal expression
B．The advantages of getting tattoos
C．Why people getting tattoos
D．The popularity of tattoos
70．Which of the following shows the structure of the passage？D
CP：Central Point P：Point  Sp：Sub-point（次要点）  C：Conclusion

17．At the middle school level，there are many academic clubs in which students can participate．Students can choose clubs that focus on an area of interest．
Mathcounts Club
         Mathcounts tries to increase excitement towards mathematic achievement．It hopes to provide students with the foundation for success in science，technology，engineering and mathematics careers．Schools select individuals and teams to participate in competitions．Local competitions are held in February with winners progressing to state competitions and then on to the national level．Mathcounts works to challenge student math skills，develop self-confidence and give rewards for their achievements．
Envirothon
         The Envirothon program focuses on natural resources knowledge and exposes students to diverse environmental issues，ecosystems，and topography．The ecology field competition for five-member middle school teams offers competitions in wildlife，soils，forestry，current environmental issues and aquatics．Students work and learn in middle school clubs and can compete at the local and state level．
Future Problem Solvers
         Future Problem Solvers is an academic club that uses a six-step process to solve problems that may happen in the future．Students who are in the talented and gifted program，who like to"think out of the box，"or who enjoy thinking about futuristic problems may like this club．Teams comprised of four students read future scenes and write up solutions in a booklet using the six-step process．Teams that score high enough can go to the state competition and then to the international competition．
Builders Club
         Builders Club is open to any middle school student who wishes to perform community service．Each Builders Club is co-sponsored by a Kiwanis club and the middle school．The members learn by doing，and they learn organization，teamwork，and leadership．Builders Clubs can sponsor a"Teacher of the Year"program，provide a recycling collection point，organize canned food and clothing drives to support local shelters，adopt a resident at a local senior citizens home，adopt a highway，tutor，etc．
         Middle school academic clubs offer students a place to explore interests or talents．The clubs they join in middle school can help guide choices in high school and beyond．

59．The students who are not interested in competitions woudld like to chooseB．
A．Mathecounts Club
B．Builders Club
C．Future Problem Solvers
D．Envirothon
60．Why do some of the students choose Mathcounts Club？A
A．To be successful in science careers．
B．To enjoy solving future problems．
C．To perform community service．
D．To study wildlife and soils．
61．What is the common feature of the four clubs？B
A．Competitions．
B．Sponsorship．
C．Scientific researches．
D．Teamwork．
62．The passage mainly talks aboutB．
A．the state academic competitions
B．middle school clubs
C．extra-curricular activities
D．the gifted students．

4．Stop wasting you time thinking of reasons for your failures and shortcomings．Instead，realize that the seeds of success were planted within you when you were born．Only you have the power to make those seeds grow．
The seeds，and the power to grow them，are contained in the human mind．Success is a choice and not a chance．You can be a success only if you make the right choice．
You cannot be successful without first developing you self-esteem（自尊）．Your level of self-esteem is always based on the degree of control that you are able to exercise over yourself，and thus over you life．People with low self-esteem do not believe that they have any power，or responsibility for their lives．They are leaves tossed（摇摆）by the winds of chance blown about with any sudden change in the weather．
You can exercise control over your life only to the degree that you believe that you are responsible for whatever happens in your life．Failures think that everything happens by accident while successful people realize that they are responsible．
Everything happens as a result of something．If we can identify the cause，we can control the effect．We are responsible for what we consciously choose to accept and believe．
Thoughts and beliefs cause everything．Our attitudes and actions are a result of habits existing in us over a period of time．One generally rises to the level that one expects．We are responsible for setting our expectations．Our success depends upon our level of confidence．We are responsible for either forming good habits or kicking bad habits．
If you associate with positive-thinking people，you are definitely going to achieve success．On the contrary，the opposite happens．We are responsible for finding，planting，and nurturing（培育）the seeds that contain future victory，born from setbacks．
In short，in all areas of your life，whether they are financial，physical，emotional，or spiritual，you are responsible．Once you recognize this，accept it，and firmly believe it，you are on the road to success．

59．People with low self-esteem are compared to leaves because theyD．
A．are ready to change their minds
B．are easily affected by windy weather
C．don't have the power to face their fate
D．can't exercise control over themselves
60．It can be inferred from Paragraph 5thatA
A．whether we will succeed depends on our attitudes
B．developing confidence is the key to future success
C．thoughts and beliefs are the result of creative mind
D．setting our expectations is essential before taking action
61．The last paragraph serves asB．
A．the proof of the author's points
B．the conclusion of the argument
C．an introduction to another topic
D．a comparison between two views
62．Which is the best title for the text？A
A．Success is a choice
B．The secrets of success
C．Develop our confidence
D．How to achieve success．

14．It is common to consider learning as something that takes place in school，but much of human learning occurs outside the classroom，even from birth and people continue to learn throughout their lives．
Even before they enter school，young children learn to walk，to talk，and to use their hands to use toys，food，and other objects．They use all of their senses to learn about the sights，sounds，tastes，and smells in their environments．They learn how to communicate with their parents，grandparents， siblings，friends，and other people important to their world．When they enter school，children learn basic academic subjects such as reading，writing，and mathematics．They also continue to learn a great deal outside the classroom．They learn which behaviors are likely to be rewarded and which are likely to be punished．They learn social skills for communicating with other children．After they finish school，people must learn to deal with many major changes that affect their lives，such as getting married，raising children，and finding and keeping a job．
Because learning continues throughout our lives and affects almost everything we do，the study of learning is important in many different fields．Teachers need to understand the best ways to educate children．Psychologists，social workers，criminologists，and other human?service workers need to understand how certain experiences change people's behaviors．Employers，politicians，and advertisers make use of the principles of learning to affect the behaviors of workers，voters，and consumers．
Learning is closely related to memory，which is the storage of information in the brain．Psychologists who study memory are interested in how the brain stores knowledge，where this storage takes place，and how the brain later outputs knowledge when we need it．In contrast，psychologists who study learning are more interested in behavior and how behavior changes as a result of a person's experiences．

68．The underlined"siblings"in the second paragraph probably meansD．
A．teachers     B．classmates
C．doctors      D．brothers or sisters
69．Which period of children's life does they begin to know to behave well according to the passage？C
A．After they go into society          B．Before they enter school
C．When they are at school            D．Before they are born
70．Which of the following is WRONG according to the passage？A
A．As a matter of fact，learning begins with formal school education．
B．Teachers need to understand the best ways to educate their students．
C．People need to understand how certain experiences change their behaviors．
D．Employers should study the principles of learning to manage their workers well．
71．The author mainly tries to tell usDin the last paragraph．
A．learning is only related to memory and experiences
B．psychologists are interested in how the brain stores knowledge
C．psychologists are more interested in a person's behavior
D．how the relationship between learning，brain and behavior works．

1．

Research shows that humans switch from selfish to unselfish behaviour when they are watched．Do you？
A picture of a set of eyes on a computer screen can cause a change in the way people act．Even images of eyes on a charity donation，collection box encourage people to be unselfish，because people put more money in a collection box that has a picture of eyes on it than they do when a flower symbol is on the box．
Manfred Milinski from the Max-Planck Institute for Evolutionary Biology in Germany and Bettina Rockenbach of the University of Berlin，the authors of a new study，found that people act better when they are being watched because they feel they will be rewarded for good behaviour．Their report also referred to other research showing that this response of behaving well when watched is somehow coded into humans and people respond this way unconsciously，or without realizing it．
It is not just humans that act unselfishly when they are being watched．A fish called the grooming fish cleans other fish．When other fish are around，it is gentler．When no other fish are around，however，the grooming fish bites chunks from the fish it is supposed to be cleaning．
The researchers suggest that the best way to get people to behave in the correct way is to make them feel watched．This could be the reason for the success of a famous American army poster．On it was a picture of an elderly man staring fiercely and pointing，it appeared，to the person who was looking at the poster．Under the picture was the caption'I Want You'It encouraged hundreds of thousands of young American men to join the army during the Second World War to fight the Germans and Japanese．

68．According to the report，why does a person behave better when he feels he is being watched？D
A．He does not want to be shamed by others．
B．He needs to show he is a good person．
C．He desires others to like him more．
D．He feels he will receive some social reward．
69．What is the text mainly about？A
A．It describes changed behaviour when observed．
B．It details ways to control people's behaviour．
C．It tells how to make people work harder．
D．It discusses different advertising methods．
70．Where would the study described in the text most likely be found？B
A．In a newspaper．
B．In a scientific journal．
C．In an advertising magazine．
D．In a science textbook．

18．Google，the leading company in self-driving technology，has planned to have driverless cars ______ on public roads．（　　）

19．In recent years，the population of the world has been increasing rapidly．
Why is this enormous increase in population （41）D？It is really due to the spread of the knowledge and the （42）B of what is coming to be called Death Control．You have heard of Birth Control？Death Control is （43）A rather different．Death Control （44）B the work of the doctors and nurses and the hospitals and the health（45）D in keeping alive people who，a few years ago，would have died of some of the （46）C serious killing diseases，（47）A they used to be．
Squalid conditions，which we can correct by an improved （48）D of living，caused a lot of diseases and dirt．Medical examinations at school （49）D diseases early and ensure healthier school（50）C．Scientists are at work stamping out malaria and other more deadly diseases．If you are seriously ill there is a （ an ）（51）B to take you to a modern hospital．Medical care helps to keep people alive longer．We used to think seventy is a （52）A age； now eighty，ninety，it may be，are coming to be considered as a normal age for human beings．People are living longer because of this Death Control，and fewer children are dying，so the population of the world is （53）C．
However，this enormous increase of population will create immense problems．By the year of 2050，unless something desperate happens，there will be as（54）D as 7，500，000，000people on the surface of this earth!How to（55）Asuch a large number of people？This is the greatest problem which （56）Cus．
A lot of things are going to happen in the next fifty years．It is very important to increase the （57）C of grain plants and（58）B has happened through the work of the geneticists in the last few years．For instance，there has been an enormous world increase in the production of （59）D Americans call corn （maize to us） owing to the development of new grains．And （60）D agriculture geneticists are working hard to get more food．

41．A．taking up	B．taking off	C．taking on	D．taking place
42．A．experience	B．practice	C．understanding	D．awareness
43．A．something	B．everything	C．nothing	D．anything
44．A．knows	B．recognizes	C．approves	D．dismisses
45．A．diets	B．examinations	C．activities	D．services
46．A．probably	B．slightly	C．incredibly	D．deeply
47．A．as	B．when	C．since	D．because
48．A．interest	B．strength	C．belief	D．standard
49．A．take	B．make	C．ignore	D．catch
50．A．cooks	B．principals	C．children	D．parents
51．A．car	B．ambulance	C．taxi	D．school bus
52．A．good	B．bad	C．smart	D．foolish
53．A．cheering up	B．growing up	C．shooting up	D．getting up
54．A．much	B．few	C．little	D．many
55．A．feed	B．educate	C．train	D．increase
56．A．frees	B．forces	C．faces	D．finds
57．A．number	B．quality	C．yield	D．taste
58．A．a great many	B．a great deal	C．a sum	D．a majority
59．A．that	B．which	C．how	D．what
60．A．about	B．with	C．towards	D．throughout

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