Computers have beaten human world champions at chess and, earlier this year, the board game Go. So far, though, they have struggled at the card table. So we challenged one AI to a game.Why is pokerso 题目和参考答案——青夏教育精英家教网—

题目内容

Computers have beaten human world champions at chess and, earlier this year, the board game Go. So far, though, they have struggled at the card table. So we challenged one AI to a game.

Why is poker(扑克)so difficult? Chess and Go are “information complete” games where all players can see all the relevant information. In poker, other players’ cards are hidden, making it an “information incomplete” game. Players have to guess opponents’ hands from their actions----tricky for computers. Poker has become a new benchmark for AI research. Solving poker could lead to many breakthroughs, from cyber security to driverless cars.

Scientists believe it is only a matter of time before AI once again vanquishes humans, hence our human-machine match comes up in a game of Texas Hold’s Em Limit Poker. The AI was developed by Johannes Heinrich, researcher studying machine learning at UCL. It combines two techniques: neural(神经的)networks and reinforcement learning(强化学习).

Neural networks, to some degree, copy the structure of human brains: their processors are highly interconnected and work at the same time to solve problems. They are good at spotting patterns in huge amounts of data. Reinforcement learning is when a machine, given a task, carries it out, learning from mistakes it makes. In this case, it means playing poker against itself billions of times to get better.

Mr Heinrich told Sky News: “Today we are presenting a new procedure that has learned in a different way, more similar to how humans learn. In particular, it is able to learn abstract patterns, represented by its neural network, which allow it to deal with new and unseen situations.”

After two hours of quite defensive play, from the computer at least, we called it a draw.

1.Why can’t the computer beat humans at the poker game?

A. Because humans are cleverer than the computer

B. Because humans practice playing the poker game every day

C. Because the computer can’t know the other players’ cards completely

D. Because the computer can’t learn the regular rules of the poker game

2.What does the underlined word “vanquishes” in Paragraph 3 mean?

A. Leaves B. Defeats C. Cheats D. Serves

3.What do we know about the reinforcement learning of AI?

A. It solves problems correctly every time

B. It is the same as the learning of humans

C. It learns from the mistakes appearing in a task

D. It is more developed than the studying ways of humans

4.What can be inferred from the text?

A. The new procedure of AI has some features of humans

B. Computers are stronger than humans in every aspect

C. Humans will beat computers at playing poker forever

D. Scientists feel unhappy about the result of the poker game

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12．Everywhere I look outside my home I see people busy on their high-tech devices，while driving，walking，shopping，even sitting in toilets．When connected electronically，they are away from physical reality．
People have been influenced to become technology addicted．One survey reported that"addicted"was the word most commonly used by people to describe their relationship to iPad and similar devices．One study found that people had a harder time resisting the allure of social media than they did for sleep，cigarettes and alcohol．
The main goal of technology companies is to get people to spend more money and time on their products，not to actually improve our quality of life．They have successfully created a cultural disease．Consumers willingly give up their freedom，money and time to catch up on the latest information，to keep pace with their peers or to appear modern．
I see people trapped in a pathological （病态的） relationship with time-sucking technology，where they serve technology more than technology serves them．I call this technology servitude．I am referring to a loss of personal freedom and independence because of uncontrolled consumption of many kinds of devices that eat up time and money．
What is a healthy use of technology devices？That is the vital question．Who is really in charge of my life？That is what people need to ask themselves if we are to have any chance of breaking up false beliefs about their use of technology．When we can live happily without using so much technology for a day or a week，then we can regain control and personal freedom，become the master of technology and discover what there is to enjoy in life free of technology．Mae West is famous for the wisdom that"too much of a good thing is wonderful．"But it's time to discover that it does not work for technology．
Richard Fernandez，an executive coach at Google acknowledged that"we can be swept away by our technologies．"To break the grand digital connection people must consider how life long ago could be fantastic without today's overused technology．
29．The underlined word"allure"in Paragraph 2probably meansB．
A．advantage
B．attraction
C．adaption
D．attempt
30．From the passage，technology companies aim toA．
A．attract people to buy their products
B．provide the latest information
C．improve people's quality of life
D．deal with cultural diseases
31．It can be inferred from this passage that peopleD．
A．consider too much technlogy wonderful
B．have realized the harm of high-tech devices
C．can regain freedom without high-tech devices
D．may enjoy life better without overused technology
32．What's the author's attitude towards the overusing of high-tech devices？C
A．Neutral．
B．Skeptical．
C．Disapproving．
D．Sympathetic．

9．Around the world，a lot of fresh water basins lie underground．These groundwater basins are like banks．Now，changes in climate and human water usage are emptying those groundwater basins，a new study finds．And it's happening at a worrying rate．Of Earth's 37largest groundwater basins，21of them lose more water each year than they gain．The conclusion is troubling．That's according to the study coauthor Sasha Richey．About 2billion people drink water from underground water basins．Crops also need such water to grow．
People get groundwater by drilling into groundwater basins called aquifers（储水层）．Aquifers are refilled when water goes down through the soil．Scientists can know about groundwater through wells．Water levels drop as an aquifer becomes empty．This method fails to provide a global picture of changes in water levels，though．
Richey and her colleagues used data collected by the GRACE mission instead．Theses win satellites measure small changes in Earth's gravity．Changes in the density（密度） of Earth's surface cause those small changes in gravity．The emptying and refilling of groundwater basins is one way that the density of Earth's surface changes．The GRACE satellites pass over these buried basins regularly．As they do，the satellites"weigh"the mass of the water stored inside．
The researchers examined gravity changes over Earth's largest aquifers in the past ten years．Eight of the studied aquifers lost great volumes of water over that decade．The researchers considered these aquifers as"overstressed"．That means almost no water naturally went in to supersede the water being taken out．The regions of greatest concern were in the Middle East，northern Africa and northwestern India and Pakistan．
The most dried-up aquifers were in areas near large cities，in heavily agricultural areas or in dry areas．All three characteristics probably led to the extreme stress affecting the basins below central California，Richey says．California has both people and farms．It's also in a sever drought．As a result，the state's pumping of groundwater recently has greatly increased．
32．What can we learn from the finding of the new study？D
A．There are 37large groundwater basins in the world in all
B．Most of the world's groundwater basins are empty
C．Men are cautious about using underground water
D．Climate change is shrinking underground water
33．To learn about the current situation of groundwater basins，Richey and her colleaguesC．
A．collected data of aquifers around the world
B．used two satellites to study the effect of climate change
C．referred to the data about changes in Earth's gravity
D．observed the buried groundwater basins frequently
34．What does the underlined word"supersede"in Paragraph 4mean？A
A．Replace
B．Increase
C．Improve
D．Support
35．We can learn from the last paragraph that in California a lot of peopleC．
A．go to central California for water
B．don't know the importance of groundwater
C．depend on groundwater for their daily activities
D．are aware they're harming groundwater basins．

假设你是市一中的学生李华，最近你所在的城市将举行一场大型国际贸易博览会，为此需要大量懂英语的志愿者，你对此很感兴趣，请按照以下要点用英语给博览会组织方写一封信报名参加。

1. 身份及目的

2.自身优势（兴趣、相关经历）

3. 信心与希望。

注意：

1. 词数100左右；

2.可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯；

3.开头语已为你写好，不计入总词数。

参考词汇：国际贸易博览会International Trade Fair

Dear Sir to Madam,

I am glad to have read your advertisement.___________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Yours truly,

Li Hua

假定英语课上老师要求同桌之间交换修改作文，请你修改你同桌写的以下作文。文中共有10处语言错误，每句中最多有两处。每处错误仅涉及一个单词的增加、删除或修改。

增加：在缺词处加一个漏字符号（∧），并在其下面写出该加的词。

删除：把多余的词用斜线（＼）划掉。

修改：在错的词下划一横线，并在该词下面写出修改后的词。

注意：1.每处错误及其修改均限一词;

2.只允许修改10处，多者（从第11处起）不计分。

Not everyone agrees on that bad habits are. Some smokers aren’t think smoking is a bad habit. Young people don’t think listen to loud music on the train is also a bad habit.

Have you ever tried to get rid your bad habits? I have quit smoking or have stopped leaving thing lying around the house. I hoped other people will stop their bad habits. I get annoying when people are late for meetings or talk loudly on their phones in the public. I also think much motorists need to think about their driving habits. Perhaps I should point out their bad habits.

Dictionaries are not closed books. There is still plenty of room for more words in these great vocabulary authorities.

Dictionaries are not closed books. There is still plenty of room for more words in these great vocabulary authorities. New words are continually being created and added to our language. And many of today's word experts can credit a famous mathematician with the creation of the method by which they develop many new words. The mathematician was an Englishman named Charles L. Dodgson. In addition to working with figures, Dodgson wrote books. His imaginative stories and poems have made Dodgson beloved to generations of readers. We know him, however, not by the name of Dodgson but by his pen name, Lewis Carroll.

Lewis Carroll has delighted countless readers, young and old, with Alice in Wonderland, Through the Looking Glass, and numerous poems. In these works, Carroll developed dozens of nonsensical words such as "chortle" and "galumph". Many of these words are combined naturally with more common words in the English language. Carroll referred to his made-up words as "portmanteau" words, named after a kind of leather suitcase that opens into two compartments. The name was well suited, because most of Carroll's words had two compartments. Rather than being entirely fabricated（虚构）, they were usually made from the combined parts of two different words. A "snark", for example, clearly came from a snake and a shark.

Although Carroll died long ago, his technique continues to be used today. We clearly see his influence in such words as smog, brunch, and guesstimate.

1.What does the underlined sentence probably mean according to the passage?

A. Dictionaries are open to the public.

B. Dictionaries are helpful to the public.

C. Dictionaries are ready to welcome new words.

D. The vocabularies in dictionaries are limited.

2.Dodgson's made-up words ________.

A. are based on different words

B. are borrowed from other languages

C. all come from his poems

D. are still widely used

3.This passage is mainly about ________.

A. how Dodgson wrote his works

B. how English words are created

C. how a dictionary is written

D. how Dodgson created new words

The Diet Zone: A Dangerous Place

Diet Coke ,diet Pepsi, diet pills, no-fat diet, vegetable diet…We are surrounded by the word “diet” everywhere we look and listen. We have so easily been attracted by the promise and potential of diet products that we have stopped thinking about what diet products are doing to us. We are paying for products that harm us psychologically and physically.

Diet products significantly weaken us psychologically. On one level, we are not allowing our brain to admit that our weight problems lie not in actually losing the weight, but in controlling the consumption of fatty, high-calorie, unhealthy foods. Diet products allow us to jump over the thinking stage and go straight for the scale instead. All we have to do is to swallow or recognize the word “diet” in food labels.

On another level, diet products have greater psychological effects. Every time we have a zero-calorie drink,we are telling ourselves without our awareness that we don’t have to work to get results. Diet products make people believe that gain comes without pain, and that life can be without resistance and struggle.

The danger of diet products lees not only in the psychological effects they have on us, but also in the physical harm that they cause. Diet foods can indirectly harm our bodies because consuming them instead of healthy foods means we are preventing our bodies from having basic nutrients. Diet foods and diet pills contain zero calorie only because the diet industry has created chemicals to produce these wonder products. Diet products my not be nutritional,and the chemicals that go into diet products are potentially dangerous.

Now that we are aware of the effects that diet products have on us, it is time to seriously think about buying them. Losing weight lies in the power of minds, not in the power of chemicals. Once we realize this, we will be much better able to resist diet products, and therefore prevent the psychological harm that comes from using them.

1.From Paragraph 1, we learn that__________.

A. diet products fail to bring out people’s potential

B. people have difficulty in choosing diet products

C. diet products are misleading people

D. people are fed up with diet products

2.One psychological effect of diet products is that people tend to______.

A. try out a variety of diet foods

B. hesitate before they enjoy diet foods

C. pay attention to their own eating habits

D. watch their weight rather than their diet

3.In Paragraph 3, “gain comes without pain” probably means________.

A. losing weight is effortless