None of our early ancestors could digest milk as adults because their bodies never had to ----milk drinking simply wasn’t an option. As people began to extract milk from animals, though, some people developed the ability to keep drinking it throughout their lives.

     Scientists now know of a milk-related mutation ( 变异) in our genes -- the chemical instructions for life that we carry in almost every cell in our bodies. People who have a mutated form of one particular gene can drink milk just fine. People without the mutation tend to get sick from milk.

     To figure out where, and possibly why, milk drinking started, some scientists have been looking at who has the milk-digesting mutation today. Patterns are striking.

     Most adults in Northern and Central Europe are able to digest milk -- and they do. Cheese and butter and other dairy products are popular in countries such as Sweden, Denmark, Germany and England. Because European settlers dominated North America, most people here can handle milk just fine, as well. That may explain why ice cream is such a popular dessert in the United States.

     In much of Africa, Asia and South America, on the other hand, people tend to avoid dairy products because they lead to diarrhea (腹泻) and other stomach problems. (That’s why you won’t typically find cheese on the menu at a Chinese, Japanese or Ethiopian restaurant.) Native

Americans are also unable to digest milk.

     Based on these genetic patterns, scientists have long thought that- milk drinking started inNorthern Europe, where dairy is an institution and the milk-digesting mutation is everywhere.

     A recent study painted a different picture. With a computer medal, Thomas and colleagues looked at the spread of the milk-drinking mutation, farming and other related factor. Working backward, the scientists concluded that the first milk-thinkers lived in Central Europe around what’s now Hungary about 7,500 years ago. The practice didn't start farther north, as scientists had thought before.

66. Which of the following is the proper order of events according to the passage?

    a. Their children were able to digest milk as adults.

    b. They got sick from the milk.

    c. Some people got a mutation in their genes.

    d. Some people tried drinking milk from animals.

    e. Some people started to drink milk from animals on a regular basis.

    A. c→d→b→e→a   B. d→e→b→c→a  C. d →b→e→c→a   D. e→d→b→c→a

67. Most people in the USA can digest milk because __________.

   A. they have strong stomachs              B. their ancestors were Europeans

   C. that’s where milk drinking stinted        D. farmers raise a lot of cows there

68. Which of the following is LEAST likely to appear on the menu in a Japanese restaurant?

A. Butter.          B. Vinegar.          C. Fish.               D. Beef.

69. Which of the following is the author most likely to agree with?

A. Milk drinking first started in Northern Europe.

B. Milk drinking first started in Central Europe.

C. North American Indians were able to digest milk.

D. Dairy products are very popular in North Korea.

70. The main focus of the scientists' research was ______________.

   A. mutation of human genes               B. development of the human stomach

   C. why milk drinking started              D. where milk drinking first started

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The United Nations says forty million people or so around the world went hungry in 2008,mainly because of higher food prices. Early estimates from the UN Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) show that 963 million people did not get enough to eat.

World food prices have dropped since early 2008.Prices of major crops have decreased by more than half from their height earlier last year. But they remain high compared to earlier years.

But FAO official Hafez Ghana says lower prices have failed to end the food crisis(危机)in many poor countries."For millions in developing countries," he says, "getting enough food every day to live an active and healthy life is a distant dream.”

The FAO says food shortage is a threat to people's health.Today, two-thirds of the world's undernourished people live in just a few countries. These are India, the Democratic Republic of Congo, Bangladesh, Indonesia, Pakistan, Ethiopia and so on.

A report on food insecurity warns that the current economic crisis could send even more people into hunger and poverty.

In sub-Saharan Africa, the percentage of the people who continually go hungry fell from 34% in 1997 to 30% in 2008.But the FAO says Ghana is the only country that has reached two sets of hunger reduction targets.These were set by the 1996 World Food Summit and the Millennium Development Goals.The main reason is the growth in agricultural production in Ghana.

The FAO says some countries in Southeast Asia like Thailand and Vietnam have made progress in hunger reduction goals.But South Asia and Central Asia haven't, and North Korea is still in hot water.

31. What FAO official Hafez Ghana says implies _.

A. it's easy but takes long to provide people with enough food

B. enough food can make people more active and healthier

C. there is difficulty solving the food shortage in a short time

D. people in developing countries will never get enough food

32. Ghana has reached the targets of hunger reduction mainly because of _.

A. the still high food prices                      

B. the donation of developed countries

C. the two targets of hunger reduction      

D. the growth in agricultural production

33. The underlined word "undernourished" in Para. 4 probably means _.

A. hungry and unhappy                       B. unhealthy for lack of food

C. not fat because of poverty               D. undeveloped and poor

34. Which country has not made progress in hunger reduction?

A. North Korea    B. Thailand      C. Vietnam     D. Ghana

35. What is the best title of this passage?

A. The food production of the world

B.    The hunger reduction target of the FAO

C.    The food shortage around the world

D.    The solution to the global food shortage

 

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